The first mention of the Trinity Church in archival documents dates back to March 20, 1782, when the Bishop of Vyatka and Great Perm, Lavrenty, blessed the transformation of the cemetery chapel, located on the site of the modern Mikhail Cathedral, into the Trinity Church. This day can be considered the birthday of the temple. In 1784, a new wooden church building was constructed. However, in 1810, a fire destroyed many buildings in the hilly part of the settlement, including the cemetery church. After that, the cemetery was moved beyond the eastern border of the settlement to a remote location near another village.

In 1814, a stone church in the classical style was built at the expense of the treasury according to the design of architect Semyon Emelyanovich Dudin, and it was consecrated in November of the same year in the name of the Holy Trinity. Here, craftsmen, officials, and merchants were buried, and Dudin himself found peace here. The architectural merits of the church were noted in the Moscow magazine "Vestnik Evropy" in 1817.

From 1852 to 1857, a bell tower was added to the church according to the design of architect I.T. Kokovikhin. In 1912-1914, for the centenary of the church, a three-tiered bell tower was erected according to the design of provincial architect I.A. Charushin.

The Trinity Church and its parishioners actively helped those in need. For example, in 1922, during a famine, a collection of funds for the starving was organized in the churches of Izhevsk during the Christmas holiday, and only in the Trinity Church, 82,650 rubles were collected.

At the end of 1937, all the clergy of the Trinity Cathedral in Izhevsk were arrested, and the cathedral was closed. Priest Trofim Mikhailovich Sterkhov was arrested on September 11 and sentenced to execution on November 2. Abbot Iakov Bashkov was arrested on October 27, sentenced to the highest measure on November 5, and shot on November 29. On December 17, the rector, protodeacon Andrei Viktorovich Volkov, and protodeacon Stefan Azhgikhin were arrested, who were sentenced to the highest measure on December 24, while priest Dmitry Ippolitovich Zamyatin received 10 years in camps and died in the camp on April 17, 1938.

In 1938, parishioners fought against the authorities' decision to close and demolish the church. The demolition resolution was adopted on February 3, but thanks to a petition to Moscow, the closure process was suspended. The authorities promised that the construction of a stadium and park would not affect the burials. Ultimately, the church was closed only on October 3, 1938, but the demolition never took place. During the war, a bakery operated in the church building. In October 1945, the church was returned to the community, and it required major repairs. The first service took place on March 17, 1946, and the consecration of the main altar occurred on September 12, 1946. Until 1994, the church served as the cathedral of the Izhevsk diocese.

From 1985 to 1991, a single-tier bell tower and extensions, as well as a baptismal church, were built according to the design of architect S.A. Makarov. In 2000, a new church in honor of the Great Martyr Panteleimon was built on the territory of the cathedral. On May 13, 2018, Metropolitan Viktorin consecrated the recreated chapel in honor of Saint Great Martyr Catherine. On the same day, the remains of about 2,500 people, previously buried in the Trinity Cemetery, were reburied.

Since 2000, the cathedral continues to be beautified: the inner territory has been improved, lawns have been laid out, a pond with a fountain and an alpine slide for the rest of the parishioners has been arranged.