The Enotaevsky district stands out in the Astrakhan region for the number of Orthodox churches, with almost every village having its own. The Astrakhan diocese, founded in 1602, was renamed Astrakhan and Enotaevsk in 1829, and a vicarial see was established in the county town of Enotaevsk. In 1840, the Holy Trinity Cathedral opened here, the third most significant after the Assumption Cathedral in the Astrakhan Kremlin and the Intercession Cathedral.

The cathedral was built according to the design of the St. Petersburg architect with French roots, Joseph Ivanovich Charlemagne. As an honorary free member of the Imperial Academy of Arts and a state councilor, he is known for the designs of many buildings, including Orthodox churches in St. Petersburg, Kazan, and the Caucasian Mineral Waters. The Empire-style rotunda cathedral with a Doric portico and bell tower was laid in Enotaevsk in 1832 in honor of the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812. In the 1850s, the church was supplemented with side chapels, which changed its original architectural lightness.

Interestingly, until 1932, the Holy Trinity Cathedral in Enotaevka had a 'twin' in St. Petersburg, the Church of St. Prince Vladimir, built according to Charlemagne's design between 1834 and 1838. This church was closed and blown up in 1932, and it was very similar to the Enotaevka one in architecture.

A Sunday school operated at the Holy Trinity Cathedral, and there was a Spiritual School in Enotaevsk. In 1937, the cathedral was closed by the Bolsheviks, who, unable to destroy it, turned it into warehouses. Most of the icons were destroyed. The church was returned to the faithful in 1988, and restoration began.

On June 12, 1990, on the Day of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, the cathedral was consecrated by Bishop Philaret Karagodin.

In 2013-2014, preservation work was carried out on the cathedral: waterproofing was done around the perimeter, roof restoration with rafter replacement was completed, historical domes and crosses were recreated, brickwork and plaster were restored, and window blocks were recreated.