The main church of the new monastery, like in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, became the Trinity Cathedral, which remained wooden for a long time. The first stone church was built from 1763 to 1771 at the initiative and expense of the Bishop of Rostov, Athanasius. The main altar was dedicated to the Holy Trinity, the southern chapel to the venerable Sergius and Nikon of Radonezh, and the northern one to the saints Athanasius and Cyril of Alexandria. The name of the first chapel is associated with the venerable Sergius, the heavenly patron of the monastery, while the second chapel was named after the saint who shares the name with Bishop Athanasius, who was the benefactor of the church. The consecration of the Trinity Cathedral was personally conducted by the Rostov bishop on October 16, 1771.

In 1919, the Trinity-Sergius Monastery was closed and in the following years was almost completely destroyed. The Bolsheviks treated it harshly: the Trinity Cathedral, the fence, residential and economic buildings were destroyed, and a road was laid through the territory of the former monastery. Only the Church of the Introduction and several cell buildings survived.

In 2000, the construction of a new Trinity Cathedral began, closely resembling the destroyed one. By July 2003, the monastery had erected the Trinity Cathedral with a four-tiered bell tower, a two-story refectory building, and three walls with towers.