Currently, this is the oldest building of the monastery and the second oldest of the surviving churches in Kursk. Its construction was initiated by Abbess Pelageya in 1695 on the site of a wooden church dedicated to the Holy Trinity. The new stone church became significantly larger than the previous one and occupied part of the ancient burials of the parish cemetery that existed by the church. The church has two floors: on the lower level is the church in honor of the icon of the Mother of God "Smolenskaya," and on the upper level, the main altar in honor of the Most Holy Trinity.

The upper church is a typical example of Russian architecture from the late 17th century and has the shape of an octagon on a square base. On the western side, it is adjoined by the refectory, the entrance to which is decorated with a beautiful perspective portal. Next to it is a small door in the wall, behind which is a narrow stone staircase leading to the bell tower. Initially, the bell tower consisted of five tiers, but later the two upper tiers were hidden under a tent roof. On the eastern side, there are three altar apses supported by a protruding rectangular altar of the lower church.

In the 1770s, the walls and dome inside the church were adorned with stucco images: in the dome, the Lord Sabaoth, and on the sides, figures of angels and the four evangelists in the sails. The decor vividly demonstrates the influence of Ukrainian baroque with its opulence and Western motifs. The five-tiered iconostasis, which has not survived to this day, was also richly decorated with baroque gilded carvings. In 1860, side chapels were added to the Trinity church. The southern chapel was consecrated in honor of the Nativity of John the Baptist, while the northern chapel housed a sacristy until 1911; later, an altar was arranged in it in honor of St. Joasaph of Belgorod and St. Seraphim of Sarov.

The Trinity church became the first functioning church of the monastery after its return to the Russian Orthodox Church. The main chapel was re-consecrated on August 26, 1993, a temporary low iconostasis was installed, and the walls of the refectory were painted. The altars in the northern and southern chapels have not yet been renewed. Currently, the church is under restoration.