The Cathedral of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos remains the oldest of the surviving structures of the Solotchinsk Monastery. It was founded by Grand Duke Oleg of Ryazan in the late 14th century when the church was wooden and connected to the princely chambers. In the 16th century, a stone church was built in its place, which is a rare example of a two-pillar church in ancient Russian architecture. This means that its vault was supported by only two pillars, of which only the facade pilasters on the northern and southern facades remain today. The characteristic severity of forms from the 16th-17th centuries gives the Nativity Church a special expressiveness. In the early 17th century, the church was rebuilt after the devastating attack by the troops of Polish Prince Władysław and Zaporozhian Hetman Petro Sahaidachny in 1618. In the 1650s, the upper part of the cathedral collapsed, and its restoration was undertaken by the famous architect Vasily Kharitonovich Zubov. Only the lower part of the building has survived from the 16th century. The church housed ancient stone icons, including images of the holy princes Boris and Gleb and Saint Alexius, Metropolitan of Moscow. Today, the church has five domes, with a three-part apse adjoining it from the east, and a two-story annex from 1691 on the west, which previously housed the sacristy and library, and below, the refectory.

In the second half of the 18th century, a burial vault was arranged under the church for the founder of the monastery, Prince Oleg, and his wife, Euphrosinia. Before this, their remains rested in the Intercession Church, which was destroyed in 1768. The Solotchinsk Monastery was closed in 1923, and for some time its buildings were used as a colony for juvenile offenders and warehouses. Later, the architectural complex became part of the Ryazan Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve.

From 2015 to 2017, a complete restoration of the church was carried out under the guidance of Abbess Animaisa and with the blessing of the archbishop. The outer walls were renewed, the domes and iconostasis were gilded, a new chandelier was installed, and ancient icons were restored. The main entrance to the cathedral is decorated with two steps, a metal door, and a canopy. The church houses relics such as an ark with the relics of Ryazan saints and Russian new martyrs, an ark with parts of the relics of Saint Nicholas of Myra, an ark with the relics of Bishop Luka Voyno-Yasenetsky, as well as icons in silver settings. Among them is the icon of the Theotokos Gerontissa, a gift to the monastery from the monastery on the Holy Mountain Athos. This icon is known for the miracle when, during a famine in the Pantokrator Monastery, oil began to flow from an empty vessel in response to prayers to it. To the right of the icon of Gerontissa is the main relic of the monastery, the honorable head of Prince Oleg of Ryazan in a carved gilded ark with his waist icon. Above the ark is a canopy with lamps, and behind it, a full-length icon of the prince.