The Cathedral in honor of the Nativity of Christ was laid in the Vyshensky Desert in 1874 under Archimandrite Arkady, and construction was completed sixteen years later. This warm church was planned to be the largest in the monastery. The cathedral had two altars: the main one, in honor of the Nativity of Christ, and the right one, in the name of the holy martyrs Adrian and Natalia. To the left were rooms for the sacristy and the vesting of the clergy. The church is adorned with five domes, among which the central one is the largest and most majestic. In 1911, the author of the 'Historical and Statistical Description of the Tambov Diocese' noted that 'the church is very beautiful, with porticos on three sides, 46.9 m long and 34.1 m wide.'

Inside, the cathedral was decorated with elegant ornaments and images of saints. Two stoves were installed under the church for heating, and there was a basement for storing household items. The church housed icons of the holy martyrs Adrian and Natalia with the image of the Savior, Saint Prince Alexander Nevsky, and Saint Righteous Evdokim with the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, as well as Saint Great Martyr George the Victorious. Choirs were located in front of the two front columns. Behind the right choir was a gilded iconostasis in the form of a frame, which contained images of the discovery of the Icon of the Mother of God in Kazan and a list of the St. Petersburg miraculous Kazan icon. Opposite this image, in winter, was the miraculous Vyshensky Kazan icon. Behind the left choir was a copy of the icon of the Nine Martyrs of Kizik, and on a special analogion was the original with particles of the holy martyrs.

In the 20th century, after the monastery was closed, the church was used as a grain storage facility, and the vestibule on the western side was turned into a morgue for a psychiatric hospital. In the early 1990s, the cathedral was returned to the Orthodox Church, and its gradual restoration began. The church was covered with a copper roof, and the domes were topped with gilded crosses, which were consecrated by Archbishop Pavel of Ryazan and Kasimov on March 15, 2009, and installed on the domes the same day. A temporary bell tower was built nearby with bells donated to the monastery. The church is now externally restored and painted in gentle white and blue tones, but restoration work inside is still ongoing.