The construction of the temple began in 1773. The three-altar Kazan church was built in the style of Russian, or provincial, baroque. The Kazan and Nikolsky chapels were cold for summer, while the Stefan chapel was warm for winter. The Stefan chapel received its name miraculously: when the venerable Alexandra prayed, asking the Lord to indicate in honor of whom to consecrate the third altar of the church, she heard a voice instructing her to dedicate it to the first martyr archdeacon Stephen. On the windowsill of her cell, she discovered a miraculous image of this saint, painted on a simple piece of wood.

The consecration of the Kazan church was performed by the builder, hieromonk Pachomius, probably on Sunday, January 19 according to the old style, on the day of remembrance of the venerable Macarius of Egypt. The next day, January 20, Father Pachomius sent a letter to His Grace Simon informing him of the church's consecration. The dedication of the first temple of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God monastery reminds us that Diveevo is in the earthly domain of the Most Holy Theotokos and of the great mercies that the Queen of Heaven has shown to the monastery from its very beginnings. The new stone church was parish-based, but the venerable Seraphim of Sarov predicted that over time it would become a warm monastic cathedral with many extensions and chapels, similar to the Jerusalem temple.

In the summer of 1928, the bells from the Kazan church were thrown down, and in 1940, the crosses were removed and the tops of the dome and bell tower were destroyed. A passerby could hardly recognize this building as a monument of Russian baroque architecture. The church was a one-story building with a gable roof and many windows. Initially, it housed a dormitory for a pedagogical college, then workshops, and later it was used for a long time as a warehouse. In 1992, the Kazan church was transferred to the monastery. In 1996, the ancient frescoes on gospel themes created by the Diveevo sisters were cleaned in the church's square. Although the restoration of the Kazan church was not planned, at the suggestion of the director of the Rosenergoatom concern, E.N. Pozdychev, and with the blessing of Bishop Georgy, it was decided to begin restoration.

On July 14, 2004, the consecration and installation of new bells on the bell tower of the Kazan church took place. The main bell, weighing 2 tons, is adorned with images of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and other saints. The surviving paintings of the church were restored, and new frescoes reflecting the history of the Diveevo monastery were created. On July 31, 2004, on the eve of the 250th anniversary of the birth of the venerable Seraphim, the solemn consecration of the main altar of the restored Kazan church took place. The rite of great consecration was conducted by Metropolitans Philaret, Juvenal, Clement, and a council of archbishops. After the first liturgy, Metropolitan Philaret addressed the participants with greetings. The restoration of the interior plaster and painting, as well as the new paintings, was carried out by a team led by Yaroslav Ryllo. The iconostases were made by a team of carvers under the guidance of I. Titov according to the project of architect T. Titova, while the icon painting works were headed by A. Antsiferov. Fragments of the history of Diveevo are depicted in the refectory part. In the square, ancient paintings by Diveevo artisans have been preserved. The construction of eight new chapels began in April 2007 and was completed in September. On July 20, 2008, the first chapel in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God was consecrated. On August 21, 2008, Bishop Georgy consecrated another chapel in honor of the venerable Diveevo women. The consecration of the chapel in honor of the Diveevo ascetics took place on October 2, and the chapel in honor of the Holy Royal Martyrs was consecrated on December 3. On December 11, the chapel in the name of the Diveevo blessed was consecrated. Since then, the Kazan church has been called a cathedral. The paintings of the chapels were done by artists from the Ark workshop under the guidance of Alexey Antsiferov. The relics of the Diveevo blessed rest in the Kazan cathedral, and on their memorial days, festive services and molebens are held here.