The Cathedral of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God is located on the grounds of the Kazan Tambov Men's Monastery. This summer stone cathedral, dedicated to the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and with a chapel of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, was built between 1791 and 1796 on the site of an old wooden church of the same name. It was erected after the model of the Sarov Desert Cathedral thanks to the efforts of Bishop Theophilus. The architectural style of the cathedral, provincial baroque, includes a two-light square base that supports a high light octagon topped with an eight-sided dome and an onion-shaped cupola on a faceted neck. Small cupolas, replicating the shape of the central one, are located at the corners of the square base. On the eastern side, the altar apse, equal in height to the square base, adjoins the main volume. The interior decoration of the church is executed in grisaille: the wall slopes, the framing of openings, architectural elements, the surfaces of arches, and many narrative compositions have survived to this day. The church was closed no later than 1920, but it was returned to the faithful in 1991, and by 2007 it was fully restored.

Today, the Cathedral of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God functions as a spiritual center of the monastery and is a monument of history and architecture of the 18th century of federal significance.