In 1855, it marked 700 years since the Virgin Mary appeared to Saint Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. In honor of this event, on May 19, 1855, a new cathedral was solemnly laid in the Bogolubsky Monastery in honor of the Bogolubskaya Icon of the Mother of God. A year earlier, in February 1854, Moscow merchant Anna Gerasimovna Alexeeva, with her sons Simeon and Dmitry Petrovich, approached the Vladimir Spiritual Consistory with a request to allow the construction of the cathedral at their expense. The church was to include chapels: the right one in honor of Saint Simeon the God-Receiver and Prophetess Anna, consecrated on June 18, 1866, and the left one in honor of the apostles Peter and Paul, consecrated on May 20, 1867. The project was developed by Vladimir provincial architect Y.M. Nikiforov, based on exemplary designs by K.A. Ton, who designed churches in the Byzantine-Russian style. Merchants from Moscow, Vladimir, Shuya, and Ivanovo actively participated in the construction.

The construction of the cathedral lasted 11 years and was completed in 1866. The church was consecrated by Saint Theophan the Recluse, who was canonized in 1988. The main work on the construction of the cathedral was carried out by monk Seraphim under the guidance of the abbot Archimandrite Jeronim, who passed away in 1865. Father Seraphim, revered as a holy man, also did not live to see the consecration. The completion of the construction and the improvement of the church were overseen by Archimandrite Daniel. The iconostasis project was executed by academician F.G. Solntsev. The cathedral was equipped with heating: special stoves and a pneumatic system were installed in the basement.

In the 1870s, the church was painted with oil paintings in the classical style. This work was carried out by hereditary icon painter Ivan Ivanovich Shorokhov with his brothers P. and S. Shorokhov from the village of Bogolubovo. In 1907-1908, A.I. Shorokhov updated and supplemented the wall paintings of the cathedral, as well as created a new carved iconostasis with columns, covered with red gold.