Fyodor Andreyevich Shcherbina (February 13, 1849, Novoderevyankovskaya, October 28, 1936, Prague) was a prominent Russian and Kuban Cossack politician, public figure, historian, and poet. He is also considered the founder of Russian budget statistics and was a corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences since 1904. Shcherbina served as the head of the Supreme Court of the Kuban People's Republic and was a member of the Kuban Rada.

Shcherbina was born into a Cossack family in the stanitsa of Novoderevyankovskaya. His father, Andrei Lukich Shcherbina, and mother, Maria Grigoryevna Belaya, were from local Cossacks. He received his education at the Black Sea Spiritual School and the Caucasian Spiritual Seminary. In 1872, after graduating from the seminary, he enrolled in the Petersburg Agricultural Academy but was expelled for participating in student protests. Later, he studied at Novorossiysk University, where he also faced arrest for involvement in populist movements and was exiled to Vyatka and then Vologda provinces. During his exile, he began studying communal life and published in various journals.

From 1884, Shcherbina worked as a statistician in the Voronezh zemstvo and headed the statistical bureau until 1903. He led an expedition to study the Steppe region and conducted large-scale research on peasant budgets, being the first in Russia to do so. His work "Peasant Economy in the Ostrogozhsky District" was awarded a gold medal by the Imperial Geographical Society. In 1891, he received the Alexander II Prize for his research "Voronezh Zemstvo. 1865, 1889."

In 1902, Shcherbina became an active participant in the liberal opposition, which led to his exile to the Black Sea province. In 1907, he was elected a deputy of the 2nd State Duma from the Kuban Cossack Army and led the Cossack faction, joining the Party of People's Socialists.

During the Civil War in 1918, Shcherbina participated in the "Ice March" of the Kuban regional government, although he did not take part in battles. During the march, he resumed his literary activities and wrote the poem "Black Sea Cossacks." In 1920, Shcherbina emigrated, first to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, and then to Prague, where he worked as a professor and rector of the Ukrainian Free University.

Shcherbina actively participated in Ukrainian scientific institutions in exile and wrote in the Ukrainian language. He was buried in Prague, but in 2008, his ashes were transferred to Krasnodar and reburied in the Holy Trinity Cathedral, which caused discontent among relatives and the public of Novoderevyankovskaya, who believed he should be buried in his homeland.