Orlovka is a village in the Khokholsky district of the Voronezh region, located on the right bank of the Don River. In the eastern part of the village, near the forest, on an elevation of the right bank of the Don River, there is a psychiatric hospital.

In the 19th century, the psychiatric department of the provincial zemstvo hospital was located in the center of Voronezh, next to other departments. In 1890, the provincial zemstvo assembly decided to build a new asylum for the mentally ill and name it after Emperor Alexander II. In 1891, the provincial zemstvo administration approached the famous Moscow psychiatrist Nikolai Nikolayevich Bazhenov to develop a project for the new psychiatric hospital. Following his recommendation, it was decided to locate the hospital outside the city. In 1899, the provincial zemstvo, with the participation of N.N. Bazhenov, who became the head of the psychiatric department, acquired a plot of land in the Orlovka estate and began construction of the hospital.

The design was entrusted to architect Stanislav Ludwigovich Myslovsky. In 1903, after revising the project based on comments from the Moscow Society of Psychiatrists, it was approved. From 1904 to 1907, two buildings for chronic patients (for 50 women and 60 men), two buildings for recently ill or agitated patients (for 40 women and 90 men), a house for the doctor, a house for staff, a water tower, a water pump, a chapel, and a garden were constructed.

The first patients were admitted to the buildings in December 1904. In 1907, when the construction of the hospital was completed, the zemstvo allocated funds for a special road to it from Voronezh. In 1910, the zemstvo assembly decided to expand the hospital. From 1911 to 1914, according to the project of S.L. Myslovsky, two more treatment buildings were constructed, as well as two-story residential houses for doctors and staff. The hospital, designed for 620 places, actually accommodated many more patients and became the largest in the province.

In 1901, after N.N. Bazhenov's departure, psychiatrist Nikolai Alexeyevich Vyrobuov was appointed director of the hospital, taking on the main responsibility for organizing the new institution. He graduated from the Imperial Moscow University in 1893, worked as a senior physician at the St. Petersburg City Psychiatric Hospital since 1897, and defended his doctoral dissertation in 1899. From 1901 to 1907, he was the director of the Voronezh provincial hospital but was dismissed in 1907 for anti-government views. Later, he became a professor at Kazan University and one of the publishers of the journal 'Psychiatry'.

From 1907 to 1917, the director of the provincial psychiatric hospital was physician Vasily Nikolayevich Yergolsky, an active figure in healthcare in Voronezh, who died and was buried in Orlovka.

During the construction of new buildings for the hospital in Orlovka, several large bones of a prehistoric rhinoceros, a contemporary of the mammoth, were found at a depth of about three fathoms in a layer of red clay. These bones were transferred to the provincial museum by the hospital director V.N. Yergolsky.

In 1918, the hospital came under the jurisdiction of the Health Department, and since 1928 it has been designated as a regional psychiatric hospital.