The Pontifical College Russicum, also known as Pontificium Collegium Russicum, is a Catholic educational institution in Rome that trains priests of the Byzantine rite. It is one of the papal institutions in Rome.

The idea of creating an educational institution to prepare Catholic priests of the Byzantine tradition who could work in Russia was supported by many Catholic figures in the early 20th century. Among them were the Jesuit General Włodzimierz Ledóchowski, as well as Archbishops Edward von Ropp and Georgy Matulaitis. Initially, various cities were considered for the college's location, such as Istanbul and Vilnius, but it was ultimately decided to establish it in Rome.

Russicum was founded by the bull of Pope Pius XI "Quam curam" on August 15, 1929, and the first academic year began on November 1 of the same year. The first rector was Slovak priest Vendelin Javorka. The college was located in a building on the Esquiline near the Pontifical Oriental Institute. These two institutions are separated by the Church of Saint Anthony the Great on the Esquiline, which was rebuilt according to Byzantine liturgical traditions for the needs of both educational establishments.

Initially, the main goal of Russicum was to prepare Catholic priests for possible service in the USSR in case of the fall of Soviet power or a softening of its attitude towards religion. The college was managed by Jesuits, but none of the rectors were Russian by nationality. Among the students were representatives of various nationalities, not just Russians.

Some graduates of Russicum, such as Walter Ciszek, Viktor Novikov, and Pietro Leone, attempted to engage in illegal religious activities in the USSR but were arrested and spent many years in camps. Among the graduates was also the beatified Theodore Romzha, a Greek-Catholic bishop who was killed by Soviet agents.

After the Second Vatican Council, the goals and objectives of the college changed. Under the leadership of Rector Pavel Maie, Russicum became more ecumenical, opening up to Orthodox students and focusing on the study of Russian church and liturgical tradition.