The Orlov Museum of Fine Arts is an art collection that includes works of ancient Russian and Russian art from the 18th and early 20th centuries, contemporary domestic art, as well as Western European art from the 16th and 19th centuries. The collection features paintings, graphics, sculpture, decorative and applied arts, and folk art.

The museum was founded on December 5, 1957, and is located in a building constructed in 1959, which previously served as the House of Political Enlightenment. The foundation of the collection consists of nationalized artistic treasures after the revolution, which belonged to the princes Kurakin, Golitsyn, Naryshkin, Bulgakov, Dolgorukov, Gagarin, Prince M. A. Romanov, and many others. The collection includes over 7,000 exhibits, covering ancient Russian, Russian, foreign, and contemporary decorative and applied arts and folk art.

The department of ancient Russian art features icons and unique wooden sculptures from the 18th and 19th centuries, as well as exhibits found in the Oryol region. Russian art of the 18th and first half of the 19th centuries includes portraits by I. Peskorsky, V. Tropinin, S. Zaryanko, L. Guttenbrun, F. O'Connell, and others, as well as academic paintings by F. Moller, I. Schwabe, N. Sverchkov, and genre paintings by F. Zhuravlev, V. Yakobi, A. Korzukhin, L. Kamenev, and others. The museum takes special pride in works by early 20th-century artists such as M. Le Dantyu, E. Guro, B. Ender, N. Goncharova, D. Burliuk, A. Arkhipov, P. Petrovichev. Soviet art is represented by works from the 1920s, 30s, and 50s of the 20th century, as well as works by the 'sixtiers'. The sculpture collection includes works by M. Antokolsky, S. Strazh, B. Svinin, M. Dronov, and others. Western European art is represented by paintings from Italian, German, Austrian, and Polish artists, as well as a collection of engravings from the 18th and 19th centuries.

Special attention is given to works by Oryol artists such as I. Nikolaev, G. Myasoedov, K. Sotnikov, V. Shestakov, N. Udaltsova, A. Sofronova, A. Kurnakov, G. Dyshlenko, G. Kalmakhelidze. The museum's collection is constantly being replenished, mainly through donations.