Orlov Commercial Bank was one of the first joint-stock banks of the Russian Empire and operated from 1872 to 1908. The bank's charter was approved on August 3, 1872, and its authorized capital amounted to 2 million rubles, distributed over 8 thousand shares at 250 rubles each. The founders and first shareholders were commerce advisers Dmitry Rusanov and Samuel Polyakov, as well as the banking houses 'Vineken & Co' and 'V. Ya. Obolonsky & Co'.

The bank was engaged in the accounting of trade bills, issuing loans, crediting, current payments, buying and selling government securities, shares, bonds, and precious metals. In 1901, the bank had 21 branches, and by 1907, their number increased to 23, including branches in cities such as Yelets, Bryansk, Livny, Novozybkov, Tambov, Sumy, Vilna, Kovno, Gomel, Kherson, Kremenchug, Yelisavetgrad, Poltava, Akhtyrka, Kirsanov, Orsha, Cherkasy, Kaluga, Bobruisk, Lipetsk, Starodub, Belgorod, and Sarapul.

In 1908, the bank became part of the United Bank. Since its founding in 1872, it was located in Oryol in the house of merchant Vasiliev, which did not satisfy the management. In 1897 and 1899, a new building was constructed, which still exists today. A memorial plaque was installed in the bank's foyer with the inscription: 'Built in 1897, 1899 under the chairmanship of the bank's board L. S. Polyakov and director V. E. Romer according to the project and under the guidance of architect S.K. Rodionov'.

The building, executed in the 'Russian style', is unique for civil construction in Oryol. It consists of two three-story brick blocks connected by a covered gallery. The facade is decorated with stone carvings and glazed tiles, and elements of Russian architecture of the 16th and 17th centuries are used in the architecture: tents, kokoshniks, figured columns with melon-shaped tops, and weights. These decorative motifs are repeated in the design of the gates, symmetrically located on either side of the facade.

In 1920 and 1926, the building housed the regional committee of the RCP(b), VKP(b), and the regional Komsomol committee. During the occupation of the city in 1941 and 1943, the building was occupied by the German secret field police (military Gestapo). Currently, it houses the Main Regional Office of the Central Bank of Russia.