Since the mid-1990s, many Russians have begun to live in Thailand. In this regard, in December 1999, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church decided to establish a parish in the name of St. Nicholas in Bangkok and appointed Archimandrite Oleg (Cherepanin) as its rector.

Initially, services were held under a mango tree due to issues with the premises. Help came from a local resident, Samanchit Thamovit, who owned property in Bangkok. She provided the parish with a plot of land with two residential buildings, one of which was converted into a church. Soon, the parish began to be attended not only by expatriates from the former USSR but also by Romanians and locals.

On December 27, 2001, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church established the Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church in Thailand at the St. Nicholas parish, entrusting it with the spiritual care of Orthodox Christians in Cambodia and Laos. In 2005, a small separate church was built, where services were held daily. Conversations were held with those wishing to be baptized, and they were given the Gospel and Christian literature to prepare for a conscious step.

In early 2008, the Thai authorities, recognizing the long-standing activities of the Orthodox community, deemed it beneficial and in line with the interests of the country. In July 2008, it was decided to acquire a new plot of land in Bangkok for the construction of an Orthodox church.

On December 20, 2012, Archimandrite Oleg (Cherepanin) conducted the Rite of the Foundation of the church at the construction site. The construction was completed in January 2014, and in February the cathedral was consecrated. Since September 2014, a Sunday school for children aged 6 to 12 has been operating at the cathedral. In December 2018, the construction of an altar in the name of St. Sergius of Radonezh began on the left side of the cathedral.