The Museum of Archaeology of the Simbirsk Region is located in the basement of the former house of the noble Yazykov family and is dedicated to the ancient history of the region. It covers the period from the appearance of the first people in this territory to its incorporation into the Moscow state and the founding of Simbirsk, ranging from the Middle Paleolithic to the Late Middle Ages. The documentary part of the exhibition spans events from 1718 to the 2000s. The main focus is on the first inhabitants of the region, their occupations, and way of life. Visitors can learn about a Mesolithic site from the Middle Stone Age, a fishing-hunting site from the Early Eneolithic, as well as settlements from the Eneolithic and Neolithic eras.

A significant part of the exhibition is dedicated to the period of the mid and second half of the 1st millennium AD, when major migrations occurred, marking the beginning of a new stage in the ethnic history of the region. The museum showcases traces of the Finno-Ugric, Abashev, timber-grave, and Imenevo tribes, the history of the settlement of nomadic Turkic-speaking early Bulgarian tribes in the Ulyanovsk Volga region, as well as the history of the emergence and existence of Bulgaria, the first state in the Volga region. All of this can be seen through unique exhibits, models, and multimedia programs.