The children's disease clinic was built in 1896 thanks to architect K.M. Bykovsky and donations from M.A. Khlyudov. It was initially planned to be located in the clinical town on the other side of the street, but a large donation allowed for the construction of a more spacious building.

Mikhail Alekseevich Khlyudov was a notable figure: a hunter, warrior, and entrepreneur. He brought a tiger from Turkestan and kept it at his home in the Basmanny district, but due to the fear it instilled in guests and neighbors, it had to be transferred to the zoo. Khlyudov was known for his heavy and irritable character.

His first wife, Elizaveta Fedorovna Melgunova, died at the age of 20 from poison that Mikhail accidentally added to her coffee. He intended to poison his brother Vasily, but Elizaveta accidentally drank from the wrong cup. From this marriage, Khlyudov had a son, Alexei.

In 1885, when Alexei was 12 years old, he died. There are two versions of his death: either he was pushed down the stairs at school, or a log fell on him as he passed by a construction site on his way home.

After his son's death, Khlyudov changed his will, leaving part of his funds and all his property to his new wife, and one hundred thousand and 25 shares of the Yartsevskaya manufactory to the children's hospital. He requested that E.M. Pavlinov be appointed the chief physician of the hospital.

Khlyudov passed away in 1896, and according to his will, land was purchased in the Devichye Pole area, leased by the Alexander-Mariinsky Committee of the Red Cross Society.

The hospital building is distinct from other clinics in the Devichye Pole town. It is a large red-brick structure with white stone elements, designed in the style of Russian architecture. The interiors of the clinic have been preserved to this day.

According to the hospital's charter, patient admission was conducted based on documents and registration, but severely ill children were accepted without passports, only based on police statements. A separate ward was provided for infectious patients.

After E.M. Pavlinov, the chief physician became the renowned pediatrician Nil Fedorovich Filatov, who dedicated his life to the study and treatment of children's diseases.

Before the 1917 revolution, the children's hospital was named after its outstanding benefactor M.A. Khlyudov.