In 1902, the first small wooden chapel was established in Edmonton thanks to the efforts of priest Jacob Korchinsky and his wife Barbara. A few years later, in 1908, a wooden standard church was built, which lasted for about fifty years. On October 1, 1946, the parishioners decided at a general meeting to join the Moscow Patriarchate.

The construction of a new seven-domed building in the pseudo-Romanesque style, popular in Galicia since the early 19th century, began on June 15, 1956. Since August 8, 1959, services have been held in the current cathedral, located in the center of Edmonton above the North Saskatchewan River.

The main relic of the cathedral is a part of the relics of St. Barbara (the left foot), brought from Kyiv and presented to the cathedral by Archbishop Panteleimon of Edmonton and Canada. According to Athonite tradition, it is kept in the altar on the altar table. The cathedral is also famous for two icons, of St. Barbara and the Theophany of the Lord, created in the Athonite painting style on the Holy Mountain in the 1970s. In 1989, a museum-library was opened in the basement of the cathedral, where issues of the magazine "Canadian Orthodox Messenger" are stored. This quarterly magazine was published by Patriarchal parishes in Canada from 1963 to 1986, and in the 1970s and 80s, its publication was supported by Viktor Fyodorovich Lopushinsky, the secretary-treasurer of the episcopal council and a member of the cathedral since 1930.

In the refectory, there is an icon dedicated to the 1000th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus, specially painted for the anniversary by the blessing of Bishop Clement of Serpukhov (Kapalin), now Metropolitan of Kaluga and Borovsk. There is also a gallery of portraits of the archpastors of the Moscow Patriarchate who served in Canada.