The Bryansk Cathedral, known as Novopokrovsky, was destroyed in 1968. After the restoration of the episcopal see in Bryansk, the need arose for the construction of a new cathedral. On May 30, Patriarch Alexy II blessed its construction, and in 2006, the building began. In December 2011, the altars of the lower tier of the cathedral were consecrated. On May 24, 2012, on the Feast of the Ascension of the Lord and the day of remembrance of Saints Cyril and Methodius, the first Divine Liturgy was held in the upper tier of the cathedral under the guidance of Bishop Alexander of Bryansk and Sevsk.

On July 1, 2012, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia conducted the rite of the great consecration of the altar of the upper tier of the cathedral. The majestic building of the temple has become a spiritual and aesthetic dominant of Bryansk, towering over its hills and transforming the city panorama. In memory of the significance of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra in the history of Russia and the Russian Church, the new cathedral was dedicated to the Holy Life-Giving Trinity, especially revered by St. Sergius of Radonezh.

In 2004, a plot of land was allocated to the diocese for construction in the center of Bryansk, near the Church of the Resurrection of Christ. This area previously belonged to the ancient Resurrection convent. The cathedral project was developed by a young Stavropol architect Viktor Viktorovich Aksyonov, who works in the traditions of ancient Russian architecture. He uses modern structures that meet today's requirements while preserving the aesthetics of ancient temples. The cathedral is a three-nave eight-pillar structure, 33 meters long and 27 meters wide. Modern technologies allowed for the creation of round and thin pillars, making the space spacious. Six domes, each weighing over 10 tons, were manufactured in Volgodonsk and delivered to Bryansk disassembled. In December 2011, the altars of the lower tier were consecrated: the main in honor of the icon of the Mother of God of Svyataya, the right in the name of Prince Oleg of Bryansk, and the left in the name of St. Theophilact. The consecration was conducted by Bishop Theophilact of Bryansk and Sevsk.

On June 23, 2012, the relics of Prince Oleg of Bryansk were transferred from the Church of the Resurrection of Christ to the Trinity Cathedral. The ceremony was led by Bishop Alexander of Bryansk and Sevsk. The Governor of Bryansk Region, N. V. Denin, presented the cathedral with a list of the icon of the Svyataya Mother of God from the late 18th century.

The Trinity Cathedral has become the largest church in the Bryansk region. The area of the lower tier is 1000 square meters, and the upper tier is 882. The height of the cathedral reaches 58 meters, and it can accommodate up to three thousand parishioners. The complex includes the bell tower 'Peresvet,' approximately 71 meters high, designed by Bryansk architect Olga Grozova. The largest bell, a 16-ton 'Peresvet,' was made in Tutayev and consecrated at the Trinity-Sergius Lavra in 2010.

On December 16, 2011, a bronze monument to the monk-warrior Alexander Peresvet, a participant in the Battle of Kulikovo, was installed under the bell tower. In 2012, the sculpture was moved a few meters. The monument, created by Moscow sculptor Alexander Alekseevich Smirnov, complements the appearance of the cathedral. In 2007-2008, he also worked on the interior painting of this majestic temple.