The church was built on the site of a wooden church that was dismantled in 1776, and it was constructed from 1776 to 1788. In 1858, due to deformation of the upper tier vaults, it was rebuilt from a two-tiered structure to a single-story one. The modern appearance of the church was acquired after a major reconstruction carried out in 1882 and 1892 according to the design of architect M.I. Lovtsov. The work was done in two stages: in 1882 and 1885, a 56-meter bell tower was built and the narthex was reconstructed, while in 1888 and 1892, the rest of the building was rebuilt.

Numerous reconstructions have affected the architecture of the monument, which includes elements of various styles: classicism, baroque, and renaissance. The building is made of brick, plastered, cross-shaped in plan, with weakly developed lateral branches and a semicircular apse protruding from the east. It is single-domed, two-light, with a bell tower added at a sharp angle from the west. The apse has the same height as the main volumes of the cathedral, covered by a conch and surrounded outside by a walkway gallery with a semicircular vault. The central part inside is octagonal, covered by a dome on a high round drum, which rests on a cut closed vault of the octagon. The lateral branches are covered by a vault.

The narthex is divided into three naves by four columns and is covered by a system of closed and cross vaults. The facades are decorated with a cornice that divides the building at the level of the upper windows into two parts, as well as with pilasters, attached to the cornices, and pilasters of the Ionic and Corinthian orders. The lateral branches are adorned with porticoes featuring paired two-tiered columns separated by a cornice. The lower columns have Corinthian order capitals, while the upper ones are Ionic. The tympana of the pediments are covered with plant-themed stucco.

The drum of the dome with a gilded egg-shaped head is decorated with paired Corinthian columns set in the walls of arched windows framed by casings. At the base of the drum, there is a viewing platform, enclosed by a parapet with balusters. At the corners of the platform, three-meter bronze sculptures are installed on pedestals.

The architectural composition is dominated by a five-tiered bell tower, distinctly expressed in the baroque style. The lower two tiers adjoin the narthex, while the other three form a quadrangular tower with concave walls and bundles of Corinthian columns at the corners. The entire structure reaches upward, which is enhanced by the narrowing of each upper tier and the elongated arched openings. Above the openings of the upper tier, there are clocks with chimes. The bell tower is topped with a gilded head with an elongated onion dome and four figures at the corners. The lower tier of the bell tower features an arched portal for the main entrance and two side extensions with baroque pediments.

Through the huge arch of the narthex, the upward-reaching central part is clearly visible in the interior. The extensive wall surfaces and vaults are covered with fine ornamental painting of a geometric nature. The interior paintings were done by artists V.E. Makovsky and K.V. Lebedev. Some works by V.E. Makovsky are kept in the Sumy Art Museum.