The Kosmodemyansky pogost, one of the oldest in the Oryol district, is first mentioned in the Inventory Book of 1594-1595, compiled by the scribe Leontiy Sofonov and clerk Dementiy Yakovlev. The document states: "The pogost for the Tsar and Grand Duke Fyodor Ivanovich of all Rus, and on the pogost is the church of Cosmas and Damian, wooden, Kletskaya, in the church are icons, candles, books, and all church furnishings from the parishioners; on the church land are yards: the yard of the priest, the yard of the sexton; cultivated church fields of good land a quarter and wild field and 19 quarters in the field, and twice as much, hay 60 bundles, oak forest."

Later, the church of Cosmas and Damian is mentioned in church records of the Oryol district in 1734 and 1755, when it had 102 parish households.

In 1781, parishioners built a new cold church with two altars to replace the old wooden one. The temple was two-storied: on the lower stone floor was a small altar in the name of the Holy Life-Giving Trinity, and on the upper wooden floor, the main altar of the holy unmercenaries and miracle workers Cosmas and Damian. A three-tiered wooden bell tower rose above the church. Two zemstvo schools operated in the parish. The surviving warm, single-altar brick church was built over 10 years and was consecrated in 1914. It had a bell tower about 25 meters high.

The church was closed in the 1930s, and the bell tower did not survive. The building was used as a grain storage facility. In the 1990s, after the collapse of the collective farm, the church was abandoned and overgrown with trees.

In 2009, with the blessing of Archbishop of Oryol and Livny Panteleimon, the restoration of the temple began. The first liturgy took place on November 14, 2009.