The Transfiguration Church in Mtsensk is located on the southeastern outskirts of the city, at the Kharlampievskoye Cemetery. The church was built in 1845 with funds from Mtsensk merchants Pyotr Smirnov, Onufriy Soplakov, and others. The church had three altars: a cold one dedicated to the Transfiguration of the Lord, and two warm ones, to the right in honor of the Mother of God "Joy of All Who Sorrow" and to the left in honor of the Holy Martyr Haralampius. Until the mid-19th century, there was an older wooden church of the Holy Martyr Haralampius next to the church, built in the 1780s and finally dismantled in 1852. There was also a wooden almshouse for two people near the church.

In 1938, the Transfiguration Church was closed and converted into a museum. During World War II and after, the church suffered significant damage. The bell tower, refectory, chapels, and altar part were lost. Currently, the lower part of the main volume and the drum crowning it have survived from the church.