The Nativity Church was built in 1797 under the guidance of architect I. D. Yasnigin. In 1834, a new, more spacious refectory was added, replacing the previous small one, and in the same year, a three-tiered bell tower was erected. Until the 1880s, the bell tower stood separately from the church, but later it was connected to it. In 1895, the church was surrounded by a fence.

Historian D. I. Malinin mentions in his book "Kaluga, an Experience of a Historical Guide to Kaluga" (1912): "Not far from the Khlyustin establishments, which were then a charitable institution and now the city hospital No. 4, towards the river, there is a beautiful church in the name of the Nativity of Christ on Kozinka, or in Kozhevniki. This name is associated with the nearby leather factories, of which there were more than 15 in the past."

The church has three altars. The main altar is consecrated in honor of the Nativity of Christ, while the side altars are dedicated to the icon of the Mother of God "Joy of All Who Sorrow" and the righteous Zosima and Savvatiy of Solovki. The walls of the church were adorned with paintings on apocalyptic themes, which are now completely lost.

In the winter of 1941, during the liberation of Kaluga from German troops, the bell tower was partially destroyed, and the southern facades of the church were damaged. After the war, the church building stood empty for almost 20 years. In the 1960s, it was used by the regional trade administration as a salt warehouse. Without permission from the city authorities, gates were made in place of two windows for vehicle access, and the floor was asphalted.

Until 1975, the church building was not included in the list of historical and cultural monuments. Only in 1975 and 1977 was it inspected by a group of Moscow specialists, but the situation did not change: in 1980, a glass container collection point opened in the church.

On October 14, 1987, by the decision of the city executive committee, the Nativity Church was transferred to the balance of the Kaluga Telegraph Equipment Plant. In 1988, a reconstruction project was developed, which envisioned transforming the building into a recreational complex with a cafe, disco hall, puppet theater, video salon, and exhibition hall. The entrance was planned through an integrated underground part from the southern facade of the church. However, the project was not realized. On February 4, 1991, by the decision of the Kaluga regional executive committee, the church was recognized as a monument of architecture and urban planning of local significance.

On January 20, 1997, according to the resolution of the Legislative Assembly of the Kaluga region, the church was transferred to the Kaluga Diocese.

Currently, regular services are held at the Nativity of Christ Church. Divine liturgies are performed on Saturdays, Sundays, holidays, and on the days of especially revered saints. All church sacraments are conducted. Sunday schools for children and adults operate. A tradition of weekly molebens for the sick is established before the icon of the Mother of God "All-Merciful Queen," which especially helps cancer patients. After the moleben, all believers receive blessed oil.