Medical science in the Russian Empire always developed. In world history, names like Pirogov, Burdenko, Skliifosovsky, Zakharin, Botkin, and other outstanding doctors remain forever. Sergey Petrovich Fyodorov also contributed to the development of surgery. At 17, he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, where he became interested in bacteriology and immunology. In 1892, he prepared and applied cholera antitoxin for treating patients in Russia, as well as developed an anti-tetanus serum.

However, his main life's work became surgery. Over the years, Sergey Fyodorov invented many important surgical instruments that saved the lives of many patients, including tools for trepanation of the skull, clamps to stop bleeding from the dura mater, a rectoscope, and a set of tools for operations on the bile ducts. On December 7, 1909, Fyodorov performed an operation to remove a foot from a 57-year-old man, using intravenous hedonal anesthesia for the first time in the world. He also became the 'father of urology,' proposing new methods for diagnosing and operating on the kidneys and urinary tract.

In 1912, Sergey Petrovich was appointed court surgeon to the imperial family and remained with Nicholas II until the February Revolution. He was offered to leave for abroad, but he refused. Alexander Bek, in the story 'The Lucky Hand,' where the main character was Fyodorov, described the following story: 'In 1921, Fyodorov, the former court surgeon of the tsar, was arrested. The investigation was conducted by the Petrograd Cheka. Letters from his brother, an official of the fallen monarchy and an opponent of Soviet power, were found with Sergey Petrovich.' Fortunately, one of his students, who had connections with Dzerzhinsky, persuaded the commissar to release the surgeon. During the Soviet era, he was a long-time member of the editorial board of the journal 'New Surgical Archive' and died in 1936 at the age of 66.