The first hospital was founded in 1713 at the Spassky Women's Monastery to assist the needy and elderly. Later, the first hospital church was built here. In 1801, the first provincial zemstvo hospital, named Alexandrovsk in honor of Alexander I's accession to the throne, appeared in the southern part of the city. In 1808, the Alexander Nevsky Church was erected on the hospital grounds, dedicated to the holy prince Alexander Nevsky. Over time, the hospital expanded, with new buildings and departments added, and in 1850, the Sorrowful Church was established in the main building with an altar in honor of the Mother of God 'Joy of All Who Sorrow.'

During the Soviet period, both churches were closed, and the hospital building underwent multiple renovations, receiving a new name, Ulyanovsk Regional Clinical Hospital. In the early 2000s, it was decided to build a new church on the hospital grounds, and in 2004, a wooden church in honor of the holy physicians Cosmas and Damian of Asia was established there. The church, built according to ancient Russian designs, is known for its carved iconostasis.