During the collapse of the Russian Empire after the events of 1917, the town of Meudon, located between Paris and Versailles, became a refuge for Russian refugees. In 1924, the local Russian community decided to organize regular services, and L. G. Sirigos received permission from the mayor to use a hall on Leclerc Street for this purpose.

The family of E. P. Kovalevsky brought a portable iconostasis to the hall and invited a choir, while other Russians gathered icons. Candles were purchased, prosphora was baked, and priest Alexander Kalashnikov was invited from the household church of the princes Trubetskoy in Clamart. The first liturgy took place on the Annunciation in 1924, and about 200 people attended. Upon learning of the service, many Russians from neighboring towns, such as Sèvres, Bellevue, and Chaville, wished to attend the service on Maundy Thursday. Therefore, a larger hall was rented in one of the restaurants, which turned out to be overcrowded. After Easter, services continued in the apartments of A. D. Bychenskaya and Professor A. K. Vitt, and later in the newly built house of S. G. Chayev on de Paris Street, 81. To ensure the conduct of services, charitable concerts were organized, featuring the famous quartet of the Kedrov brothers.

The organizing committee appealed to Metropolitan Evlogy (Georgievsky) in Paris, who sent the first rector to Meudon, priest Boris Molchanov. He held his first liturgy on Palm Sunday in 1927. At his request, Chayev purchased a plot of land on Bigo Street the following year for the construction of a clay temple. The laying of the church took place in 1928, during Great Lent, in the presence of Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich, who donated funds for the iconostasis. Four icons for it were painted by Princess E. S. Lvova from the "Icon" society. She also created the Crucifixion in memory of the Royal Martyrs. The new building was erected in a week, and services began in it during Holy Week, with the finishing touches completed by Trinity. The temple made of "solomit" (a mixture of straw and cement) resembled a barrack, lacking a dome and bell tower.

In the autumn of 1928, the community split: the majority, along with the rector, builder S. G. Chayev, and elder General S. N. Rozanov, decided to remain in the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, while the minority supported Metropolitan Evlogy. The church remained with the majority, while the other part formed the community of St. John the Warrior.

On Thomas Sunday in 1929, on the feast day of the church, the new temple was consecrated by Archbishop Seraphim (Lukyanov) of Western Europe. Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich and his wife were present at the consecration again. On the same day, the rector planted birch trees and two fir trees near the church, which continued to grow into the early 21st century.