The Holy Trinity Church was built and consecrated in 1733 with funds from parishioners, using the old foundations of the Christ-Birth Cathedral, erected in 1658. The church, dedicated to the Life-Giving Trinity, was consecrated as a single-altar and unheated. In 1825, a warm refectory with a Chapel of the Annunciation was added to the church from the south, as the church of the same name standing nearby was dismantled that year. In 1827, a three-tiered bell tower was built, and the temple was surrounded by a stone fence with an iron grille. On November 28, 1893, a chapel in honor of the icon of the Mother of God Odigitria was consecrated in the refectory on the north side. Before the construction of the Smolensk Cathedral in 1872, the Trinity Church was considered the city cathedral.

Before the revolution, the bell tower of the Trinity Church had seven bells: a large one weighing 108 poods, a Polyeliy bell weighing 50 poods, a clock bell weighing 10 poods, a weekday bell, and two ringing bells weighing 3 and 1 pood respectively. The large bell had an inscription about its manufacture in Kazan at the factory of Luka Stepanov Rukavishnikov. The medium bell was cast in 1869 at the factory of the Gudkov brothers and had the inscription: “Proclaim, O earth, great joy, praise the heavens for God's Glory.” One of the chapels, consecrated in modern times, is dedicated to the icon of the Mother of God “Strastnaya.” The church housed a miraculous copy of this icon. From July 4 to 18, an annual procession was held to the village of Palets in the Nizhny Novgorod province with this icon in memory of the deliverance from the plague during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich. The church also contained the icon of the Mother of God “Troeruchitsa,” copied from the miraculous image from the Hilandar Monastery on Mount Athos, gifted to Patriarch Nikon in 1664 and later transferred to Kozmodemyansk.

Since 1884, a church parish school for 50 boys operated at the church. The parish included 125 houses, of which 87 were merchant houses and 35 were peasant houses, with a population of 318 men and 357 women. After the October Revolution, the church building was transferred to the community of believers under an agreement with the Kozmodemyansk City Council. However, on September 27, 1938, the church was closed. Archpriest Valerian Novikov was arrested on December 19, 1937, and sentenced to 10 years in camps. After the closure, the temple remained empty. From 1941 to 1945, it housed an orphanage for children from besieged Moscow, and later it accommodated orphans. Subsequently, the building housed a library, a horse yard for communal services, and communal apartments.

In the late 1930s, the five domes were demolished, the three-part apse and two tiers of the bell tower were dismantled. The vaulted ceiling collapsed, and a seven-log structure was placed over the refectory. The southern portal and part of the northern one were lost. The iconostasis was dismantled, the bells were thrown down, the interior space was repurposed, and the walls and ceilings were painted white. In 1989, the church was handed over to the Russian Orthodox Church.

In 1990, with funds from the church community, the altar was restored using silicate bricks. During the repair and restoration work, the inter-floor ceiling was dismantled, and the five domes were restored. In 1992-1993, specialists from the Kozmodemyansk restoration site restored the bell tower and ordered a new iconostasis. During the last restoration, the refectory was restored.

The architecture of the church deserves attention. Oversized bricks were used in its construction, while standard bricks were used for the refectory and bell tower. The foundations are made of rubble stone. The two-column refectory is covered with five barrel vaults. The temple's square is covered with two barrel vaults, resting on three transverse supporting arches with two supporting columns. The openings are arched with archivolts and fan locks. The altar is covered with a conch of two bricks and has three arched openings and a stove. Semi-columns with a base and a small capital are located at the corners of the squares. In the first tier, there are pilasters. A small cornice runs between the tiers. The main cube of the church is decorated with a stone belt in the form of weights, topped with a row of decorative zakomars. The central drum is light, while the others are blind. The faceted domes, covered with titanium nitride iron, are topped with ornate crosses. The domes with iron patterns and crosses impress upon close inspection.

Today, the cultural heritage site “Church of the Holy Trinity” is an active temple. Its territory includes wooden and brick buildings from the late 20th century. A viewing platform in the form of a chapel with a mosaic of Saints Cosmas and Damian attracts attention.