Almost immediately after the founding of the village of Yekaterinovka in the Volga steppe in 1770, the construction of a church began for the numerous parishioners, serfs, and household members of Count Alexei Orlov-Chesmensky, who were resettled to new lands. The church was originally wooden.

At the request of Count Orlov, in the summer of 1806, the wooden church was dismantled and moved to the neighboring village of Alexandrovka, and a stone church began to be built in its place. A year later, the count passed away, but his daughter Anna Alexeyevna Orlova-Chesmensky continued the construction.

The architect of the church was a serf of the count. The construction was completed in 1813 and did not stop even during the war with Napoleon.

The main altar was consecrated in 1813 in honor of Saint Catherine the Great Martyr. Later, the main altar became that in the name of the Holy Trinity, consecrated in 1828. Two altars were placed in the chapels: on the southern side, in honor of Saint Catherine the Great Martyr, and on the northern side, in honor of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, consecrated in 1842.

The church was heated and could accommodate up to 2000 people. It had a stone bell tower and a chapel.

By the beginning of the 20th century, the Trinity Church had become the spiritual center of the district. Up to 16 priests served simultaneously, actively participating in village life: teaching at the school, conducting public readings of Orthodox literature, and organizing performances.

The last priest, Pavel Petrovich Preobrazhensky, was arrested in 1937 and shot a year later, after which the church was closed. In 1942, the bells were removed from the bell tower, and the crosses were taken from the domes. Students of the mechanization school were forced to scrape off the frescoes inside the church with bricks.

Initially, mechanical workshops were set up in the church, then a barn. Until 1992, the church gradually fell into ruin.

In 1992, at the initiative of the director of Construction and Installation Management No. 11, V.A. Simonov, and with the blessing of Bishop Sergey of Samara and Syzran, the reconstruction of the church began. It lasted for 2 years and 10 months. SMU-11, which built half of Samara in the 60s-80s, completed the work, and in 1996 the church was consecrated again.

The reconstruction was funded by donations from parishioners and organizations. Marble plaques with the names of all those who actively participated in the restoration of the church were installed on the facade.

In 2013, the 200th anniversary of the church was solemnly celebrated in Yekaterinovka.