The area where the Trinity courtyard was located originally belonged to the neighboring village of Naprudnoye. Later, Peryaslavl coachmen settled here, and in the early 17th century, the land was transferred to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, leading to the formation of the Trinity Black Sloboda. In this sloboda, around 1631, a wooden church was built in honor of the Holy Trinity with an altar dedicated to Saints Sergius and Nikon of Radonezh, which was explained by its connection to the monastery. After several wooden churches that replaced each other, a stone temple was erected in 1696. However, it was also rebuilt after the dome collapsed in 1726, resulting in the church acquiring elements of architectural styles from different eras.

The refectory and the main square of the church are adorned with windows featuring frames in the Naryshkin Baroque style, with scrolls and crests. The octagon crowning the main temple was built later, after the dome's collapse, and is executed in European Baroque: the window frames are decorated with rocailles, adding even more splendor. The octagonal top of the bell tower is crowned with a tall spire. Subsequently, the appearance of the church changed little, except for the expansion of the refectory in 1851 to create an altar for the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Trinity courtyard housed the residence of the archbishops of the Moscow diocese. From 1917 to 1922, Patriarch Tikhon lived here, but after his arrest, the territory was handed over to the Renovationists. However, they served here for a short time: by the end of the 1920s, the Trinity Church was closed. The building housed various offices and later a construction management. From the late 1970s, the church became visible from Olympic Avenue after the demolition of most of the historical Trinity Sloboda with its wooden houses. Later, the temple was used by the Moscow Symphony Orchestra. Despite the change of users, the overall appearance of the church has been preserved, with rich Baroque decoration remaining in the interiors, including stucco cartouches and stamps for icons. Since 1993, the territory has gradually been transferred to the church community, and later the courtyard of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra was recreated near the temple.