The village of Goleniщevo, known since 1406, entered the history of Russia as the residence of Saint Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kiev, in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. However, the church here is first mentioned only in 1474 under the name of Saint John the Theologian. In the 17th century, it is already listed as a wooden church in honor of the Holy Trinity, which led to the renaming of the village to Troitskoe-Goleniщevo. By 1644, a stone tent church was built, to which a bell tower, refectory, and chapels in honor of the martyr Agapius and Metropolitan Jonah were later added. The construction was overseen by Larion Ushakov according to the design of the architect Antipa Konstantinov, known for creating the Terem Palace in the Kremlin.

The church in Troitskoe-Goleniщevo was built in the final years of the construction of tent churches in Russia, as in 1653 Patriarch Nikon prohibited such architectural forms. The closest analog to the Trinity Church is the Church of the Intercession in Medvedkovo. The central octagonal tent is surrounded by two smaller tents over the chapels; the central tent is smooth, while the chapels are adorned with false windows. The square base of the main volume is topped with keel-shaped kokoshniks, and to the west and south, it is surrounded by a gallery. In 1860, the tent bell tower was rebuilt and moved to the northwest, and the refectory was expanded at that time.

The stone Trinity Church has survived two serious trials. In 1812, during the Patriotic War, French troops turned it into a stable, and then the building suffered from a fire that destroyed many icons. The second trial began after 1939 when the church was closed by local authorities. The iconostasis was used by Sergei Eisenstein in the film 'Ivan the Terrible,' and its further fate is unknown. The building was turned into a warehouse for the 3rd cardboard factory, and later it came under the jurisdiction of the USSR State Television and Radio. The first service after a long break took place on Christmas 1991. Soon the building was handed over to the community of believers and was restored.