The wooden church dedicated to the holy apostles Peter and Paul is mentioned in the "Census Book of the Tula Posad of 1624 and 1685," published by I. P. Sakharov. According to local residents' accounts recorded in the 19th century by N. F. Andreev, there was originally a Peter's chapel on the street of the same name. It was named after the icon of Peter and Paul that was inside. By 1734, the church had deteriorated significantly and was dismantled. Two years later, a new stone temple was built in its place, which was reconstructed in 1802, adding two chapels and a bell tower.

In the first half of the 19th century, a decision was made to rebuild the temple under the guidance of architect V. F. Fedoseev. In 1833 and 1838, instead of the usual dome, a rotunda in the Empire style with twelve windows appeared. However, a year later, cracks appeared in the walls and vaults, and work was halted for a year. A commission established that the cause was the weakness of the foundation. Permission to continue construction was granted on the condition of replacing the stone dome with a wooden one. In the autumn of 1836, the temple was completed, but the interior finishing continued for almost 12 years. In a 1925 directory, the church's style was characterized as "Moscow Nikolai Classicism." Art historian A. A. Kiparisova suggested in 1948 that the church was built by one of the Bove brothers, but archives found by V. N. Uklein confirm the authorship of V. F. Fedoseev.

The church housed icons of the Kazan and Tikhvin Mother of God, which were later transferred to the All Saints Cathedral. In 1891, a parish school was opened at the church. There was also a charitable institution for six people, built with funds from S. T. Krasnoglazov. In 1912-1913, according to the project of S. M. Serebrovsky, the bell tower was raised, and a clock was installed on it.

In 1922, valuables were removed from the church to help the starving in the Volga region. In the 1930s, the church was closed. In 1941, during bombings, the upper part of the church was destroyed. In 1947, the church was included in the list of protected architectural objects. In 1978, the bell tower was restored, but its completion resembled a Muslim minaret. Subsequently, the building housed a pharmacy warehouse. In 1991, the church was recognized as a monument of history and culture.

In 2011, the church was transferred to the Tula Diocese, and restoration began. A solemn opening took place on July 12, 2011, and on October 4, 2012, a new dome cross was installed on the church, consecrated on December 31, 2015. The unsuccessful completion of the bell tower was dismantled, and the upper tiers were taken apart for restoration to their original form. In 2018, the work was completed, and the clock reappeared on the bell tower.