The Church of St. Mary Magdalene in Gethsemane is a Russian Orthodox church located in East Jerusalem, near the Tomb of the Virgin Mary on the slopes of the Mount of Olives. It was built in memory of Empress Maria Alexandrovna with funds from the imperial family and consecrated in 1888 in honor of Saint Mary Magdalene. Since 1921, the church has housed the relics of the holy martyrs Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and nun Barbara.

The idea of building the church in memory of the empress belonged to the head of the Russian Spiritual Mission in Jerusalem, Archimandrite Antonin (Kapustin), who also proposed the site on the slopes of the Mount of Olives. By the autumn of 1882, the land was acquired. Architect David Grimm developed the design, and on January 21, 1885, the church was laid. The construction was overseen by the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society under the supervision of Archimandrite Antonin. The construction work was carried out by Jerusalem architects Konrad Schick and Georgiy Frangia. Tsar Alexander III donated 100,000 rubles for the construction, his brothers contributed 15,000 each, and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna donated 5,000 rubles. The church was consecrated on October 1/13, 1888, by the Patriarch of Jerusalem in the presence of Grand Dukes Sergei and Pavel Alexandrovich and Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna.

In January 1921, the bodies of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and her maid Barbara were buried in the church, having been brought from Russia through China after their martyrdom in 1918. Thus, the wish of the duchess to be buried on the Mount of Olives was fulfilled. The burial was performed by the Patriarch of Jerusalem Damian.

In the crypt beneath the church, Princess Alice of Battenberg, the mother of Prince Philip, husband of Queen Elizabeth II, is also laid to rest.