The church was founded around 1691. However, on January 29, 1786, a fire destroyed the first wooden church, and no description of it has survived to this day. The names of the architects and craftsmen who worked on the new church have also not reached us. In 1788, a new church was built, this time from local bricks known for their strength due to the use of Belsk clay mixed with egg yolks. In 1861, a stone monument was erected by merchant Georgy Kozlov at the site of the altar of the burned wooden church.

The Sreten Belsk church was popular among the residents of Belsk and surrounding settlements. It housed a charitable institution, monastic cells, utility buildings, and administration. Travelers coming from afar would stay here overnight, and the homeless and beggars found shelter as well. An old cemetery was located next to the church.

It is said that the bells of the Belsk church had a unique sound and could be heard from a distance of up to 25 kilometers, reaching all nearby settlements.

In 1936, the church ceased its activities. By the 1930s, the church staff had been reduced, and the buildings and cemetery were left unattended. The charitable institution and the watchman's lodge were dismantled and moved to another village, as was the church school. The destruction of the temple was not an official order but an initiative of local communist youth. They began to demolish the church, and this 'dirty' work continued until the 1990s. Locals recall how the elderly cried as they watched the destruction. Representatives of the new authorities blew up the building and tried to demolish it with pickaxes and axes. Removing the bells and the cross proved to be a difficult task. The large bell had to be cut with an acetylene torch, while the small one was shot at with a cannon. The bells were removed, but the cross remained, leaning against the sky with a fragment. According to local residents, all those who participated in the destruction soon went to the front and did not return. The main destruction of the building occurred during and after the war when locals took bricks and iron to their homes.

In the 1950s, a geological exploration drilling site was established in the churchyard. In the 1970s, a monument was erected at the site of the church cemetery in memory of the residents of Belsk who fought in the Great Patriotic War.

For many years, the church has stood in a semi-ruined state. Recently, church activity has revived in the village. Services are currently held in a house next to the church. There are no local priests in Belsk; they come from Cheremkhovo. On September 27, 2009, the day of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, a cross was erected opposite the ruined altar of the Sreten church in memory of the priests and other people buried in the church cemetery, which was later leveled. The church was fenced off, and fundraising for its restoration has begun again.