The architectural appearance of the building was conceived in a new fashionable style known as "Naryshkin Baroque," representing the Russian version of one of the great European styles. The construction of the Refectory Church was completed in 1692, timed to the 300th anniversary of the repose of St. Sergius.

The type of temple with a refectory appeared in Russia as early as the 16th century. The building, located on a steep southern slope, is raised on a basement, significantly elevating it above the ground. In the proportions of the Sergius Church, the apses, projected to the east, play a special role; their volume and powerful plasticity highlight the altar space.

After the fire of 1746, an iron roof with a unique truss system, made mechanically, was installed over the Refectory. The church portal with a high pediment and carved columns, slightly set back from the wall, was originally open. Wide staircases, with landings in the middle, lead to two parts of the building: the church and the Refectory with seven large windows. Above the staircase of the main entrance, rebuilt in 1734, rises a tent of open porches.

A characteristic feature of the building is the abundance of external decor. The walls almost disappear behind high smooth columns and half-columns, arranged in pairs and bundles, small twisted columns framing the windows and doors, figured lintels, cornices, and shells. The dynamics of the style "animates" the walls, effectively highlighting the multilayered reliefs of carving and stucco.

The wall painting and stucco that adorn the Refectory Church and hall were completed in 1778-1780. The interior space of the Sergius Church is elongated from north to south and is small in size. Instead of narrow windows, light comes through large window openings.

Until the early 2000s, the Refectory Church was the main place for monastic services.

From 2012 to 2015, extensive work was carried out in the Refectory Church: cast iron covering was installed in the basement, the facades of the southern basement were restored, the walls and vaults of the interiors were restored, the foundations of the northern basement were reinforced, the premises of the northern basement were restored, a warm floor was arranged in the Small Brotherhood Refectory, the painting in the altar was restored, a warm floor was installed in the Northern Gallery and ventilation was provided, as well as the restoration of wall niches and architectural-stucco decor.