Alexeyevka was founded in 1701 by the river of the same name on the right bank of the Volga. It also includes the village of Dorofeyevka. According to one version, the first inhabitants of this marshy area were soldiers Alexey and Dorofey, who fled from royal service, as well as Old Believers, which is why part of the village is known as Monastyrshchina. After the peasant reform of 1861, these settlements became part of the Alexeyevskaya volost of the Saratov district in Saratov province. In church sources before the revolution, Dorofeyevka and Alexeyevka are mentioned separately, but since 1859 they have been listed as one village, Alexeyevka.

In Dorofeyevka, a church was built in 1884 on the site of an old one. The main altar of the temple was consecrated in honor of St. Nicholas, and two chapels were dedicated to St. Sergius of Radonezh and the Ascension of the Lord. Two schools operated at the church: a single-class and a two-class school. In the mid-19th century, about 8000 people lived in the combined village, with 11 mills, 4 oil presses, and 31 factories. The village was traversed by a trade route to Volsk and a road from Saratov to Kuznetsk. The Church of the Nativity of Christ in Alexeyevka was built in 1906 with funds from parishioners and a Volsk merchant, V. Ryzhov. It was a wooden, warm building with a bell tower, and a church-parish school was also opened there.

During the Soviet era, the wooden Church of the Nativity of Christ was destroyed, and a Cross of Remembrance was erected in its place. Since 1935, the building of the stone Holy Sergius Church housed a grain storage facility.

The restoration of the church began in 2006. On January 17, 2008, bells were installed on the bell tower of the Holy Sergius Women's Monastery. The consecration was conducted by the dean of the Northern district, priest Alexey Zemtsov, with the blessing of Bishop Longin of Saratov and Volsk. In the same year, the facade of the church was completed, and in 2011, the interior work was finished.

The building of the Church of St. Sergius of Radonezh has been recognized as a cultural heritage site of Saratov region. On July 18, 2015, Metropolitan Longin of Saratov and Volsk and Bishop Tarasiy of Balashov and Rtishchevo conducted the Great Consecration of the restored Church of St. Sergius of Radonezh in the Holy Sergius Women's Monastery of the village of Alexeyevka in the Bazarno-Karabulak district and served the Divine Liturgy in the newly consecrated church.