The Catholic community in the Tula region has existed since the 19th century. In the 1840s, the chaplain of the Moscow railway took care of the Tula Catholics. After the suppression of the 1863 uprising, many Catholics from Poland, Lithuania, and Belarus arrived in Tula. V. I. Smidovich, a member of the church council of the Catholic parish in Tula, was a well-known doctor, founder of the Tula City Hospital and the sanitary commission, as well as one of the founders of the Society of Tula Doctors. His son, V. V. Veresaev, also became a doctor and a writer. In 1885, the Catholics of Tula opened a chapel in a private house, but it was small, and the parish requested land for the construction of a church. On May 28, 1893, the authorities permitted the construction of a church on the outskirts of Tula near Kiev Street.

The laying of the church took place on May 15, 1894, at the intersection of the current Lenin Avenue and L. Tolstoy Street. The construction was overseen by provincial architect Evarist Skavronsky. The church was consecrated in 1896 by the general vicar of the Mogilev Metropolis, Francis Symon. Since 1898, a permanent priest worked in the parish, parish life became more active, a library was opened, and performances were organized during holidays. According to the 1897 census, there were 1,224 Catholics living in the Tula province, most of them in Tula.

After 1917, the number of parishioners sharply decreased due to the emigration of Poles and Balts after the Bolsheviks came to power. In 1918, the church's property became public property, but the church continued to operate. In 1926, the rector Y. Pavlovich was arrested, and in 1932 the church was closed. Later, the building housed the editorial office of the newspaper 'Young Communard' and a forensic laboratory.

In 1993, the Catholic community of Tula was revived, but the church remained under the control of another organization. In 1995, the community was allocated a garage for holding masses. Until March 30, 2004, when the church was officially handed over to the parish, masses were held in the garage.

The return of the church became possible thanks to the appeals of the Apostolic Nuncio in Russia, Antonio Mennini, and the support of the Archbishop of Tula and Belev Alexy, who did not object to the transfer of the church. After obtaining the necessary permits, restoration of the church began in 2006 and was completed in 2007.

On December 23, 2007, the church was solemnly opened. On July 6, 2008, Archbishop Metropolitan Paolo Pezzi consecrated the restored church, and relics of Saint John Bosco, Blessed Celina Bożencka, and Saint Elizabeth were placed in the altar. On June 17, 2012, a new digital organ from the Italian company 'Viscount' was delivered to the church, and on September 30, the first organ concert in Tula took place.

The Church of Saints Peter and Paul is built in a pseudo-Gothic style from red brick. The project was developed by provincial architect Evarist Skavronsky. Above the central entrance rises a spire with two side towers. Previously, statues of the Apostles Peter and Paul stood at the entrance, which were lost during the Soviet era. In the niche of the spire was a statue of the Virgin Mary, also lost. No photographs of the original interior have survived, and during the reconstruction in 2006-2007, the interior of the church was designed in a modern style, different from pseudo-Gothic.