The church with bright frescoes, located on a hill, stands out noticeably among the surrounding buildings. Even the late construction could not hide it or diminish its role in shaping the district's appearance.

In the 1620s, Khamovnya sloboda, a settlement of weavers producing high-quality white linen known as "kham," was relocated southwest of Moscow, which at that time was limited to the modern Garden Ring. Nearby was the sloboda of the Kremlin's Chudov Monastery, Chudovka. Here stood a wooden church in honor of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, first mentioned in 1625, although researchers believe it was founded earlier. By 1657, it was already referred to as stone. In 1679, by order of Tsar Fyodor Alexeyevich, the construction of a new stone church began, completed in 1682. In 1694, the refectory with chapels and the bell tower were finished, giving St. Nicholas the Wonderworker Church in Khamovniki its modern appearance.

The church is built according to a traditional scheme: elongated horizontally, it starts with a western bell tower, continues with a long refectory, the main temple with five domes, and ends with three altar projections. Its facades feature elements of "Naryshkin Baroque," but the main decoration is the numerous tiles: green "ant-covered" tiles in the kokoshniks of the main temple and multicolored "glazed" tiles on the tented bell tower. The bell tower, pierced with 32 sound windows, is one of the tallest in Moscow. On the northern wall of the church, stone tombstones from the 18th century remain, reminding of the former parish cemetery.

In 1694, a chapel in honor of Metropolitan Alexius was consecrated in the refectory, related to the Chudov sloboda, as Metropolitan Alexius founded the Chudov Monastery in the Kremlin. In 1757, a chapel of St. Dmitry of Rostov was added, for which the refectory was expanded to the north due to the increasing number of parishioners. In the 18th century, Khamovnya sloboda actively developed, leading to the establishment of the State Linen Factory, and later the Dutchman Ivan Tames founded a factory for sailcloth and ribbon materials. However, by the early 19th century, textile production had almost completely left this area, giving way to Khamovniki barracks and other military buildings.

During the Patriotic War of 1812, the church was damaged but was soon restored. In the 1840s, new wall paintings appeared, and in 1872, instead of the Dmitrievsky chapel, a chapel of the icon of the Mother of God "Intercessor of Sinners" was arranged.

In the 20th century, St. Nicholas Church remained open and preserved its decoration almost untouched, except for losses in 1922 during the confiscation of church valuables. The expansion of the neighboring street and the creation of Komsomolsky Avenue did not affect it; only the fence was moved closer to the church in 1959. The ancient bells, including a bell from 1685, have been preserved. Time has significantly changed Khamovnya sloboda, but the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker has remained in its place for over 300 years.