One of the oldest churches in the city is first mentioned in the second half of the 18th century. This church, being a cemetery church, did not have its own parish and was attached to the Assumption Cathedral. From 1832 to 1839, with the funds of merchant F. Zotov, the wooden church was rebuilt in stone.

In 1903, Moscow merchant Krylova financed a major renovation of the church: a new iconostasis was installed and the walls were painted. In 1913, thanks to the efforts of Kirsanov merchants Yakov Popov and Alexei Fedorov, the stoves were relaid and the floors were replaced, marking the last significant milestone in its pre-revolutionary history.

In 1929, the church was closed due to the inability to pay taxes and debts. However, in 1936, priests exiled from other cities began to serve in the Church of Cosmas and Damian again. In the autumn of 1937, the entire church clergy was arrested. Among the arrested were the rector, archpriest Mikhail Soshevsky, priest Vladimir Gibraltar, psalmist priest Pyotr Tsyplyakovsky, protodeacon Valerian Mirolubov, and chairman of the church council Nikolai Stepankov. Mikhail Soshevsky and Nikolai Stepankov were shot in the local prison, Vladimir Gibraltar was sentenced to 10 years, and the others to 8 years in correctional labor camps. After that, the church was closed again.

The return of churches in the post-war period in the Kirsanov district was a complex and lengthy process, involving petitions from believers, decisions at the local level, and their approval by higher authorities. The first church in the Kirsanov district to be returned to spiritual life was indeed the Church of Cosmas and Damian. The document on the return of the church to the believers is dated August 8, 1944, and its opening took place on October 1, 1944.