The stone church in honor of the Kazan Mother of God with the chapel of the Ascension of the Lord was built on the site of a burned wooden church thanks to the efforts of parishioners by the decree of the Kazan Spiritual Consistory dated January 29, 1745. This church is marked on the map of the city of Urzhum from 1784.

On October 22, 1750, the chapel of the Ascension of the Lord in the warm church was consecrated by Urzhum protodeacon Nikita Belogusyev, and on July 8, 1760, he also consecrated the main chapel. In 1771, the church suffered from a fire, after which a watchman was appointed. The State Archive of the Kirov Region holds a "request from the priests of the Mother of God Church in the city of Urzhum for the appointment of a watchman to guard the church" from 1798.

In 1810, it was reported that the church needed funds for the renovation of the iconostasis and icons in the chapel, roof repairs of the bell tower, painting of roofs, and construction of a fence.

By 1830, the church began to deteriorate. In 1839, it was noted that it was "not strong, especially the bell tower." As a result, the bell tower tilted and damaged the church building, causing cracks. The bell tower, leaning to the west, was supported by a buttress. In 1835, it was reported that the vaults were damaged by the impact of the bell tower on the warm church.

On September 4, 1836, the bell tower was dismantled, and on September 30 of the same year, the church itself was taken down. On its site, a new stone church was laid on August 30, 1836, according to an approved plan and facade based on the church construction charter dated November 20, 1835. The project was developed in 1834 in St. Petersburg by architects Visconti II and A. Melnikov, who used the work of I. Sharlena. The drawings are kept in the Historical Archive of St. Petersburg. There are several churches in St. Petersburg similar to the Urzhum Kazan Church, such as the Catherine Church on Syzedovskaya Line of Vasilievsky Island and the church in the village of Orlino.

The church was consecrated in 1841, and the date of its final completion varies in different documents: 1843, 1847, or 1853. It had three chapels: in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, the Ascension of the Lord, and in honor of St. Sergius of Radonezh. The temple is executed in a classical style with fewer architectural decorations compared to baroque churches, of which only a few have survived to this day.

In 1852, it was reported that the cold church and bell tower were covered with iron, while the warm one was covered with wood, and the crosses and domes were gilded. In 1870, it was noted that there was a stone fence around the church. Inside the church, there was a crypt for clergymen, which was accidentally discovered by workers in the 1970s and was bricked up by order of the brewery management. In those years, ancient items were found under the floor of the church house, which were returned to the church in 2008.

Two chapels were attached to the church: the Ascension Chapel in the city and another one in the village of Panikla. In the latter chapel, a procession was traditionally held on the Feast of the Exaltation. In 1857, priest Alexander Ryazantsev reported that no one remembers when and for what reason this procession was established. Every October, two processions from Vyatka were held at the Kazan Church.

On October 4, 1928, the parish transitioned to Victorianism and remained in it until 1932. It is known that in March 1928, priest Theodor Shishov was elected as the deputy of the archpriest of the Orthodox churches of Urzhum.

In 1940, the Kazan Mother of God Church remained one of the functioning churches in the area, and the authorities made efforts to close it. After its closure, the building was briefly used as a mechanization school and MTS, and then in 1940 it was converted into a brewery.

Currently, one of the workshops of the food factory is located in the building of the Kazan Church.