The village of Stara Sloboda has long belonged to the grand princely court and served as a summer residence for Russian grand princes since the times of the Pereyaslav-Zalessky principality. The estate, known as Alexandrov Sloboda, included a large wooden terem palace, a wooden church, a large stable, a carriage house, and other outbuildings.

The estate was conveniently located: it was possible to reach Pereyaslavl Zalessky, Dmitrov, Moscow, Suzdal, and Vladimir from there. Since the center of the region was Pereyaslavl Zalessky, all the princes of Pereyaslav visited here, including Grand Prince Alexander Nevsky.

The foundation of the estate and the church dates back to the second half of the 12th century. It is believed that the original wooden church was consecrated in honor of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker.

In the early 16th century, the estate lost its significance when, in December 1513, the royal residence was moved to New Alexandrov Sloboda, where the Alexandrov Assumption Convent is now located. The village of Stara Sloboda remained at the former site.

In the summer of 1689, the village became the center of maneuvers for the toy army conducted by the young Tsar Peter Alexeyevich and General Patrick Gordon with the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments.

By the decree of Peter the First and according to the will of his brother, Tsar John the Fifth, on August 10, 1696, construction of a new brick church began in Stara Sloboda next to the dilapidated church, completed on May 4, 1698. The construction was overseen by the spiritual advisor of the Grand Sovereign, Theophan Theofilaktovich, Protopresbyter of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

The main altar in the cold church was consecrated in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. At the same time, the left chapel was built in honor of the Beheading of Saint John the Baptist, and later, the right chapel of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker.

In the 1760s, the Kazan temple was visited by Empress Catherine the Second.

The bell tower of the temple fell into disrepair in the 18th century, and in 1865, a new three-tiered bell tower was built with funds from the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

After the revolution, the temple was closed and fell into a deplorable state.