The altars of the church are dedicated to the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the prophet Elijah. The church was built in 1699 and was reconsecrated on July 9, 1944.

Originally, in 1699, the church was wooden and consecrated in honor of Saint Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessalonica. In 1738, due to its dilapidation, it was dismantled and a new two-story church was erected. The upper floor was consecrated in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, and the lower one, in honor of Saint Great Martyr Demetrius. From 1865 to 1871, the current stone building of the church was constructed. The funds for the construction were collected by merchants Novichkov, Shvetsov, and Tikhomirov. A significant role in fundraising and construction was played by the former cleric of the church, priest A. N. Magnusov. He sought help from the well-known merchant O. A. Turgenev, who contributed more than half of the twenty thousand rubles needed for the construction of the five-domed stone church. A stone bell tower was built next to the church, the iconostasis was completely gilded, and some icons were adorned with gilded frames. The church had two altars: the main one in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and a side one in honor of the prophet Elijah.

By 1912, the church staff included two priests, a deacon, and two psalmists, as well as church houses and apartments for the clergy. Three church-parish schools operated in the parish: one in Petrovsk and two in the hamlets of Zotov and Sorokino. In the 1920s, the church was closed but not destroyed. On July 9, 1944, it was reconsecrated and reopened for worship, after which it was never closed again.

Attached to the church are a chapel in honor of St. Seraphim of Sarov at the Petrovsk Central District Hospital, a chapel in honor of the Transfiguration of the Lord at the Petrovsk cemetery, and a chapel at the old cemetery of the city.