The church was named after the former wooden church in the Poltava settlement, which is now part of the city of Kartaly. The name of the first church was associated with the Tabyn Icon of the Mother of God, as the Cossacks who built it came from the Tabyn stanitsa, also known as Kazan. This icon was known in the Trans-Urals for its miracles. In 1890 and 1905, during the Dormition Fast, the miraculous Tabyn Icon of the Mother of God was in the church of the Poltava settlement.

The history of the church dates back to 1852, when the Cossacks of the Poltava settlement decided to build a prayer house. In 1854, the chapel was transformed into a church, which was completed and consecrated in 1861 in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. In 1891, a severe fire occurred in the settlement, destroying almost the entire settlement, including the wooden church.

Around 1900, the construction of a new stone church began. The funds for the construction were mainly provided by local residents, but a significant part of the expenses was covered by merchant Andrei Mikhailovich Zaitsev and later by his son. The church was completed by 1903, and on June 17, 1911, Archpriest Mikhail Skopin consecrated it. The church functioned until 1929, after which it was closed by the Soviet authorities: the bell tower was destroyed, the bells were removed, and the interior was looted. The surviving building housed the 'May 1' club.

Only in 1988 did the Orthodox community manage to reclaim the church building. The new consecration took place on January 28, 1996, conducted by Bishop Georgy Gryaznov of Chelyabinsk and Zlatoust. The three-altar stone church was built in the Russian style typical of parish churches of the mid-17th century. The church is located in the center of the city on its historical site and is recognized as an architectural monument.

In 2004, significant changes began in the church. The iconostasis acquired a magnificent appearance thanks to icon painter Alexander Adegov. To increase the space inside the church, the partition separating the narthex was removed. The walls of the church were painted by artist Mikhail Yevdokimov. The right and left choirs were replaced with a balcony above the entrance. The exterior appearance changed with the addition of two altars, which were consecrated on April 15, 2006, by Father Alexy along with other priests. Two icons with relics of saints were brought from the Pskovo-Pechersky Monastery and the Cathedral of the Venerable Pskovo-Pechersky by pilgrim Stefan Bakhmut.

In 2007 and 2008, the area around the church was improved, the bell tower was restored, and new domes with crosses were erected. The reconstruction of the church was completed in 2010 with the demolition of an annex that violated the canonical shape of the cross.