The Kazan Cathedral is a true adornment of the Holy Assumption Vyshensky Monastery. Its construction began in 1831 under the abbess Tikhon, as there was a need for a new, more spacious church. The funds for the construction, six thousand rubles, were obtained from the spiritual bequest of the Morshansk priest Ioann Napolinsky. The cathedral was completed thirteen years later, in 1844. Since abbess Tikhon served for a long time in the Sarov desert, the Sarov Assumption Cathedral was taken as a model for the Kazan Cathedral. The "Historical and Statistical Description of the Tambov Diocese" from 1861 mentions that the Kazan Cathedral "was built according to a plan taken from the Assumption Cathedral of Sarov."

Although the Vyshensky Cathedral is smaller than its prototype in size and interior decoration, its architecture attracts attention and draws many pilgrims. The cathedral has equal length and width of 26.6 meters, surrounded on both sides by columns with beautiful pediments, and five domes with gilded tops complete its exterior appearance. The cathedral had three altars: the main one in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, the right one in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, and the left one in honor of the Nativity of John the Baptist. The outer walls of the church were adorned with frescoes depicting saints and holidays. The holy hierarch Theophan the Recluse was buried in the Kazan Cathedral, and until the early 1970s, his relics were here, and since 2009, they have returned to this temple. When the cathedral, along with other monastery buildings, was transferred to the regional psychiatric hospital, it was used as a warehouse. According to Archpriest Georgy Glazunov, the rector of the church in the neighboring village of Emmanuilovka, the cathedral had its windows broken, everything was soiled by pigeons, and amidst the chaos of firewood, barrels, and beds lay the burial of the holy hierarch Theophan.

The Kazan Cathedral was returned to the Vyshensky Monastery in 1990, but its condition required significant efforts for restoration. Archbishop Pavel of Ryazan and Kasimov performed a minor consecration of the cathedral on March 14, 2009. Shortly before this, the relics of the holy hierarch Theophan were transferred here from the Emmanuilov Assumption Church. Now the building of the Kazan Cathedral is fully restored, its interior walls are whitewashed, and the exterior is painted in yellow and white, with the paintings depicting saints and holidays on the outer walls restored.