Originally, the church was built of wood in the village of Ivanovskoye in the Kazan district in 1741, but it burned down in 1821. At that time, Ivanovskoye had 47 households with 148 men and 152 women, while Klyuchi had 257 households with 587 men and 60 women. When the idea of restoring the church arose, the residents of Klyuchi sent a delegation to the Bishop with a request to build a stone church in their village. The diocesan administration asked what to build with if there was no brick. The delegates assured them that they were ready to build a brick factory, as long as the church was in Klyuchi. This convinced the spiritual consistory, and by decision No. 13189 in 1822, the parish was moved to Bolshie Klyuchi. The church was built by the community, and after 10 years, in 1832, it was consecrated. The frescoes of the church, miraculously preserved during the Soviet years, date back to the same time.

In June 1918, when Cheka officers led by Valentin Nesmelov came to loot the Raif Monastery, the residents of Klyuchi were the first to respond to the call and not only stopped the robbery but also dealt with the marauders. The authorities declared the Chekists heroes of the revolution, while the peasants who defended the monastery were labeled enemies of the people. Repressions began in Klyuchi, many residents were arrested, convicted, dispossessed, and exiled to the North.

Despite the persecution, when churches and monasteries were being closed across Russia, the parishioners of Klyuchi in 1928 not only prevented the authorities from closing the church but also renewed its interior decoration. However, in the mid-1930s, after another wave of repression, the church was closed, valuable items were confiscated, and the last rector, Father Grigory, was shown mercy due to his age. The church was turned into a bakery, the fence was dismantled for storage, and the large bell was taken to Kazan. In the 1980s, the church building housed a warehouse and a household goods store.

In early 1992, the church was handed over to the Russian Orthodox Church, and Archbishop Anastasius of Kazan and Tatarstan sent Priest Alexey Smirnov there, who began restoration work. It was necessary to dismantle the Soviet ceilings, open the dome, cover the roof, and order crosses. There were no funds for workers, and the rector called on parishioners for help. Many responded: some worked, some collected donations. On May 21, 1992, the church was consecrated again.