This stone church, which is currently inactive, was built in 1776 on Ilyinskaya Street, now known as International Street, 12. The site of the Ilyinsky church was originally settled by Cossacks and soldiers from Simbirsk, Kazan, and other cities, as well as representatives of the Mordva and Chuvash. Among their descendants were famous Syzran merchants such as Pyotr Kuropatkin, Semyon Pavlygin, and Kozma Vandychev. They decided to build a temporary wooden church in honor of the prophet Elijah with a chapel of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker on the site where the Ascension Monastery once stood.

The exact date of construction is unknown, but an inscription in the church book "Interpretive Gospel of 1698 by Theophilact of Bulgaria" indicates that a wooden church in honor of the prophet Elijah was built in Syzran at the end of the 17th century. The descendants of the same merchants appealed to Archbishop of Kazan Benjamin in 1776 with a request to allow the construction of a stone church in the name of the same saints to replace the dilapidated wooden church. The new church had a warm Nicholas chapel and a cold Ilyin chapel, connected by a solid wall and arch.

The church was consecrated in 1776 by cathedral protodeacon Peter Stefanov. All the icons in it were painted by a local icon painter, priest Father Alexey Afinegov. Over time, due to the increase in the number of parishioners, the church was expanded. In 1866, a storage room for the sacristy, library, and archive was built, and in 1874 a new chapel was added. In 1906, the church was severely damaged by fire, but thanks to the efforts of the parishioners, it was quickly restored.

After the 1917 revolution, the church was seized by Renovationists, but their community soon disbanded, and the church was closed. The building was used for economic needs, and from 1940 it was rented out to the Syzran Selmash factory. In 1993, the church was returned to the believers.