The history of this church begins with the archbishop's garden, which was located in the southern part of Astrakhan. In ancient times, the metropolitan house in Astrakhan had a garden beyond the wooden city, behind the Kalitochny gates, on the right side of the road leading out of town.

In 1693, Metropolitan Savvaty, planning to reconstruct the Assumption Cathedral and the Trinity Monastery in the Kremlin, received permission from Tsars Ivan and Peter Alexeyevich to use the empty space near the garden for the construction of a brick shed. However, starting in 1700, Moscow shooters from the Simbirsk regiment began to build houses in this area, forming a settlement that reached the archbishop's garden. At the border of the settlement and the garden, a wooden church was built in honor of the Prophet Elijah.

The Ilyinskaya Church is mentioned in documents from 1702. It was likely under the care of the Archbishop's house and served as a parish church for the shooters. After the suppression of the Astrakhan 'wedding' riot of 1705-1706, in which mounted Moscow shooters participated, they were removed from Astrakhan to St. Petersburg. The Simbirsk settlement became deserted, and in November 1707, Voivode P.M. Apraxin informed Peter I about the need to populate the vacant yards so that they would not fall into disrepair.

The Emperor ordered the yards to be handed over to soldiers left for garrison duty. However, the settlement of the Simbirsk settlement was slow, and there were almost no parishioners left at the Ilyinskaya Church. The soldiers' settlements already had their own churches, so the Ilyinskaya Church became a chapel for the metropolitan garden, which was named Ilyinsky.

The church was built in a classical style with a two-tiered bell tower and a spire. The interior space had a rectangular shape, topped with a round drum with windows. The narthex and side altars were designed in the form of porticos. In 1834, the church was decorated with sacred images, and in 1898, the painting was updated and the refectory was expanded. The iconostasis was made in 1834, and the side chapels were renovated in 1897.

In 1923, the church was seized by Renovationists, and in 1933 it was closed. In 1936, the building was sold to a canning factory for storage. During the Great Patriotic War, anti-aircraft artillery was placed in front of the church. On October 25, 1946, the building was handed over to the Armenian community, as all Armenian churches in Astrakhan had been destroyed. In 1956, the church was taken from them, and in 1960 it was demolished. Now, a regular five-story building stands in its place.