The stone church in honor of St. Great Martyr Catherine in Alapaevsk was built in the early 20th century thanks to the donations of pious merchants Nikolai Abramov and Konstantin Chernykh. The new stone church replaced the old wooden one, which had fallen into disrepair, and was consecrated in 1915. The iconostasis, preserved to this day, was made in local workshops with funds from the workers of the metallurgical plant. According to old documents, there were no permanent clergy in the church, but there were enough church utensils. For conducting services, priests traveled from the Holy Trinity Alexievsky Cathedral.

This church is known for the fact that services did not cease even during the years of persecution against the church. While the Holy Trinity Cathedral and other churches in the area were closed, the small Catherine Church continued its activities, holding Liturgies, molebens, and panikhidas. Despite the persecution, believers continued to baptize children and celebrate church holidays.

In October 1918, the bodies of the holy martyrs Grand Duchess Elizabeth and nun Barbara were brought to the church.

In early spring 1954, the church acquired the miraculous icon of the Mother of God "Quick to Hear," which was preserved by the abbess of the Bobrov Women's Monastery, schema-hieromonk Taissia, in the village of Kalganovo. Prayers before this icon have repeatedly led to healings.

The vaults of the church are adorned with frescoes, fragments of which have survived in the dome to this day. The church houses many ancient icons saved from destruction, including images of the holy Archangel Michael and the holy healer Panteleimon. There is also an icon of the holy martyrs Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and nun Barbara with a relic of the martyr Elizabeth.

In 1995, the Catherine Church was assigned to the male monastery of the New Martyrs of Russia, located not far from Alapaevsk, and became a dependency of this monastery.