The first church in Novouzensk was built in 1806. It was a wooden temple dedicated to St. Catherine the Great Martyr, which was dismantled and moved to the village of Chertanlu from the abolished fortress of Uzen. For a long time, this church remained the only one in the settlement, but after Novouzensk became a district town, it no longer met the requirements and could not accommodate all the believers. Soon, the first cathedral was built in the city, and the old St. Catherine's Church was dismantled due to its dilapidated state and restored in 1864 as a cemetery church. It was wooden, cold, with a separate bell tower and one altar, consecrated on May 25, 1865.

The cemetery church did not have its own parish and was attached to the cathedral. It stood until the early 20th century. In 1904, a project for a new St. Catherine's Church was approved, which was decided to be built on Bread Square in the river part of the city. The project was prepared and led by the Saratov architect A. M. Salko. The third St. Catherine's Church, wooden and warm, was consecrated on November 13, 1911. However, services in it lasted for a short time. After the October Revolution, the church was closed and soon destroyed.

Church life in Novouzensk was revived in June 1989 when a Orthodox parish was registered again in the city. Since all the churches had been destroyed, from September 21, services were temporarily held in a residential building on Rabochaya Street. In 1994, at the initiative of the parishioners, the district administration transferred a wooden building of the former central library, built in 1918 and in a state of emergency, to the community. On April 23 of the same year, a minor consecration of the church in the name of St. Catherine the Great Martyr took place, and the first Divine Liturgy was held, after which a long reconstruction of the building began. In 1995, a bell tower was added to the building, and in 2002, the church was faced with bricks. The area around the church was improved, and restoration and enhancement of the building itself continues.

On September 11, 2015, Bishop Pakhomiy conducted the rite of laying the foundation for a new church in the name of St. Catherine the Great Martyr. The stone building for 600 parishioners was laid next to the local history museum and the old church. On June 30, 2016, the domes and crosses of the church were consecrated, and after the completion of construction, on December 4 of the same year, Metropolitan Longin of Saratov and Volsk, Bishop Pakhomiy of Pokrovsk and Nikolayev, and Bishop Tarasiy of Balashov and Rtishchev performed the Great Consecration of St. Catherine's Church.