The Buguruslan Local History Museum is one of the oldest in the Orenburg region. It was opened in 1930, and its foundation was based on the paleontological and archaeological collections gathered by the first director, Alexander Leontievich Anikhovsky. The museum is located in the oldest stone building in the city, which is a monument of 19th-century architecture.

The museum's collections hold nearly 26,000 items. Of particular interest are the collections dedicated to ethnography, early printed books, archaeology, and weaponry. The exhibitions feature authentic items: furniture, clothing, and household goods of the peoples of the Volga region, as well as a collection of samovars and bell-shaped clappers. Visitors are especially drawn to the collection of dolls and doll clothing from the 19th century. The museum includes an exhibition hall where the displays of artists and masters of decorative and applied arts are updated monthly.